---
title: Validation of Game Advantage Disadvantage Control Considering Color Vision Characteristics: A Basic Study on Among Us with Different Color Settings
tags:  #色覚多様性者 #模擬フィルタ #色のハンディキャップ #オンラインゲーム  
author: [Nakamura Laboratory (Meiji University)](https://www.docswell.com/user/nkmr-lab)
site: [Docswell](https://www.docswell.com/)
thumbnail: https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/KJ42ZQYPE1.jpg?width=480
description: Validation of Game Advantage Disadvantage Control Considering Color Vision Characteristics: A Basic Study on Among Us with Different Color Settings by Nakamura Laboratory (Meiji University)
published: September 08, 23
canonical: https://www.docswell.com/s/nkmr-lab/Z247DG-2023-09-08-164128
---
# Page. 1

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/KJ42ZQYPE1.jpg)

Validation of Game Advantage Disadvantage Control
Considering Color Vision Characteristics:
A Basic Study on “Among Us” with Different Color Settings
Tohya Aokia, Yuka Fujiwaraa, Satoshi Nakamuraa,
a Meiji University, 4-21-1 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan


# Page. 2

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/LE1MRP6X7G.jpg)

Background
• Many people enjoy playing online internet games,
but some people have trouble with their handicaps
• Handicaps put people at a disadvantage
in aspects other than game skills
The victory and the loss of the game would be affected
by the non-technical aspects


# Page. 3

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/GEW312WKE2.jpg)

Background
• There are many types of handicaps
In this study, we will focus on
color vision diversity


# Page. 4

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/47ZVPD5NE3.jpg)

Color Vision Diversity
Normal color vision
P-type color vision
R
Pi
Pu
LB
R
Pi
Pu
LB
B
G
Y
Or
B
G
Y
Or
D-type color vision
T-type color vision
R
Pi
Pu
LB
R
Pi
Pu
LB
B
G
Y
Or
B
G
Y
Or


# Page. 5

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/YJ65M1997V.jpg)

Color Vision Diversity
Japanese male with color vision diversity


# Page. 6

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/GJ5YZ4NDJ4.jpg)

Color Vision Diversity
Japanese male with color vision diversity
1 in 20 Japanese male
1 in 500 Japanese female


# Page. 7

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/9E2GRV8MER.jpg)

Color Vision Diversity
Green
and
Yellow
Yellow only
Difficult to make decisions by the colors


# Page. 8

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/D7YVD36P7M.jpg)

Color Vision Diversity
• Players with color vision diversity have difficulties making decisions by the color
• Reaction speed would be later than normal vision players
• Shorter time to move from decision to action,
the more advantageous it becomes
• Game companies take measures to address this problem by
color vision support


# Page. 9

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/Y79NL6ZW73.jpg)

Color Vision Support
Normal color vision mode
P-type color vision mode


# Page. 10

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/G78KXZ1RJD.jpg)

Goal of our Study


# Page. 11

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/L7LZ8DQ2ER.jpg)

Main Purpose
Eliminate color handicaps for
color vision diverse players with various
characteristics when playing games


# Page. 12

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/4EMV6P19EW.jpg)

Our Past Study [ICEC 2021]
without filter


# Page. 13

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/PER2P1L979.jpg)

Our Past Study [ICEC 2021]
Advantageous
for normal vision
Color pairs
target
Advantageous
for D-type vision
Actual colors
With D-type
filter
basic
target
basic
Color pairs
target
Disadvantageous
for D-type vision
Actual colors
With D-type
filter
basic
target
basic
Disadvantageous
for normal vision


# Page. 14

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/P7XD3YW3JX.jpg)

Real-time Color Conversion System
P-type color vision
D-type color vision
The color they see differs by their type


# Page. 15

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/37KXY3VNJD.jpg)

Real-time Color Conversion System
To eliminate color handicaps
we need to gather all the types of color vision diversity
It is difficult to gather many color vision diversity people
Present the colors that the D-type color vision diversity
people see to the normal color vision people


# Page. 16

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/LJ359GMZ75.jpg)

Real-time Color Conversion System
Color conversion procedure for filters used in the experiment


# Page. 17

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/8JDDG164JG.jpg)

Real-time Color Conversion System
Without filter
(Normal color vision)
With filter
(D-type color vision)


# Page. 18

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/VEPX3QYVJ8.jpg)

Purpose of our Study
In past studies, we investigated the colors
that could be identified easily
BUT
It is unknown if advantage/disadvantage control is
possible in the actual game
Verify using Among Us


# Page. 19

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/27VL45GREQ.jpg)

Purpose of our Study
Investigate the possibility of controlling game
advantages and disadvantages based on color
vision characteristics using actual games


# Page. 20

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/5JGX16867L.jpg)

Among Us
Why Among Us?
Without filter
(Normal color vision)
With filter
(D-type color vision)


# Page. 21

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/47Q8D492EP.jpg)

Among Us
Why Among Us?
the color scheme can be set according to the findings of past research


# Page. 22

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/KE42ZQXP71.jpg)

Among Us
VS


# Page. 23

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/L71MRPNXJG.jpg)

Among Us
The victory conditions for the crews
The victory conditions for the impostors
Complete all onboard tasks
Kill the crews until their number becomes
the same as the number of the impostors
OR
OR
Eliminate all of the impostors
Obstruct the crew's escape


# Page. 24

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/G7W3124K72.jpg)

Among Us
Discussion phase
Work phase
Colors are important to judge the players


# Page. 25

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/4JZVPD2N73.jpg)

Experiment Summary
• Experiment using Among Us(Total 4 games)
• 10 male experiment participants
- Plays online games regularly
- 4 in 10 participants were the with filter group
• Color of the players were random
• Player’s name fixed to 4 Hiragana characters


# Page. 26

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/YE65M1V9JV.jpg)

Hypothesis
• Hypothesis1: Overall, characters of easily identifiable colors will be more conversational
in the discussion phase than characters of less identifiable colors
• Hypothesis2: Overall, characters of easily identifiable colors, for example white, will
have less variation in color representation in the discussion phase than the characters of
less identifiable colors
• Hypothesis3: In the task focusing on the colors, tasks with less discriminative colors will
take longer to complete than tasks with more discriminative colors


# Page. 27

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/GE5YZ4DDE4.jpg)

Hypothesis
Task focusing on colors


# Page. 28

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/972GRLMM7R.jpg)

Result
Average time and mistakes of the wire connection task
The without filter group finished the task faster


# Page. 29

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/DJYVDQXPJM.jpg)

Result
Average time and mistakes of the wire connection task
Only the with filter group made a mistake


# Page. 30

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V7NM6K1ME8.jpg)

Result
Percentage of the number of color names spoken to the total
number of conversations


# Page. 31

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/YJ9NLV5WJ3.jpg)

Result
Percentage of the number of color names spoken to the total
number of conversations
The with filter group spoked less than the
without filter group


# Page. 32

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/GJ8KXPYRED.jpg)

Result
Only the with filter group made a mistake during
the wire connection task
Without filter
(Normal color vision)
With filter
(D-type color vision)


# Page. 33

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/LJLZ81427R.jpg)

Result
Can identify each colors easily
Red and Yellow, Pink and Blue
are identical
Without filter
(Normal color vision)
With filter
(D-type color vision)


# Page. 34

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/47MV6WK97W.jpg)

Result
Can identify each colors easily
Red and Yellow, Pink and Blue
are identical
When there are colors difficult to identify,
it will be a disadvantageous situation
Without filter
(Normal color vision)
With filter
(D-type color vision)


# Page. 35

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/P7R2PYX9J9.jpg)

Result


# Page. 36

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/PJXD3G63EX.jpg)

Result
Orange(with filter) was killed
with
filter
without
filter
without
filter
without
filter


# Page. 37

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/3JKXY41NED.jpg)

Result
5 people were around the corpse
a discussion of who was there
White, pink, and maroon were there
with
filter
I don’t think pink was there
Some colors were identified easier with the filter
without
filter


# Page. 38

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/LE359LQZJ5.jpg)

Discussion
Colors that were difficult to distinguish from one to another
with filter group
without filter group


# Page. 39

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/8EDDGN94EG.jpg)

Discussion
• Hypothesis1: Overall, characters of easily identifiable colors will be more conversational
in the discussion phase than characters of less identifiable colors
→was partially supported
• Hypothesis2: Overall, characters of easily identifiable colors, for example white, will
have less variation in color representation in the discussion phase than the characters of
less identifiable colors
→was partially supported
• Hypothesis3: In the task focusing on the colors, tasks with less discriminative colors will
take longer to complete than tasks with more discriminative colors
→was supported


# Page. 40

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/V7PX35ZVE8.jpg)

Contribution
• Purple and Blue were difficult to identify in both conditions
→can reduce visibility for both groups
• White was easily identified in both conditions,
no matter which colors it was paired with
→a color that can be used reliably for color vision support
Can be used as a guideline in design of
color vision support


# Page. 41

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/2JVL4PWR7Q.jpg)

Prospects
• Experiment was insufficient to test the hypothesis
→There was a color bias in the impostor’s color
• The number of experiments was small
→next time we plan on making a long-term experiment
• It was impossible to verify statistically
→plan on using a game that allows comparison between players
in terms of scores next time


# Page. 42

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/5EGX1PD6JL.jpg)

Other Games
©2018 SEGA Puyo Pop


# Page. 43

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/4JQ8D2127P.jpg)

Other Games
©2022 VALORANT


# Page. 44

![Page Image](https://bcdn.docswell.com/page/K742ZLRPJ1.jpg)

Conclusion
Purpose:
Investigation of a color that can be used as an indicator to control advantages and
disadvantages due to color vision
Experiment:
Play Among Us while mixing the two groups using and not using color transformation
filters
Results:
It is possible to control advantages and disadvantages depending on the color scheme